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| conventional_long_name = Azuchi-Momoyama period | common_name = Azuchi–Momoyama period | continent=Asia |region=Japan | year_start=1568 |year_end=1600 | p1=Ashikaga shogunate |flag_p1=Ashikaga_mon.svg | p2=Oda clan |flag_p2=Mon-Oda.png | p3=Tokugawa clan |flag_p3=Tokugawa_family_crest.svg | s1=Tokugawa shogunate |flag_s1=Tokugawa_family_crest.svg | image_coat=Mon-Oda.png |symbol_type=Mon of the Oda clan |symbol_type_article=Mon of the Oda clan | capital = Heian-kyōAzuchi |Heian-kyō}} | common_languages = Late Middle Japanese | government_type = Feudal military confederation | title_leader = Emperor | leader1=Ōgimachi |year_leader1=1557–1586 | leader2=Go-Yōzei |year_leader2=1586–1611 | title_representative = Shogun | representative1=Ashikaga Yoshiaki |year_representative1=1568–1573 | title_deputy = Head of government | deputy1=Oda Nobunaga |year_deputy1=1568–1582 | deputy2=Toyotomi Hideyoshi |year_deputy2=1583–1598 | deputy3=''Council of Five Elders'' |year_deputy3=1598–1600 | legislature = Council of Five Elders | event_start=Oda Nobunaga captures Kyoto |date_start=October 18 | event1=Ashikaga shogunate abolished |date_event1=September 2, 1573 | event2=Battle of Nagashino |date_event2=June 28, 1575 | event3=Assassination of Oda Nobunaga |date_event3=June 21, 1582 | event4= alliance formed |date_event4=1584 | event5=Defeat of the Hōjō clan |date_event5=August 4, 1590 | event_end=Battle of Sekigahara |date_end=October 21 | currency = Mon | footnote_a = Emperor's palace. | footnote_b = Nobunaga's palatial fortress. }} The is the final phase of the in Japan. These years of political unification led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. It spans the years from to 1600, during which time Oda Nobunaga and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, imposed order upon the chaos that had pervaded since the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Although a start date of 1573 is often given, this period in broader terms begins with Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto in 1568, when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th – and ultimately final – shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. The era lasts until the coming to power of Tokugawa Ieyasu after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.〔''Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan'' (first edition, 1983), section "Azuchi-Momoyama History (1568–1600)" by George Elison, in the entry for "history of Japan".〕 During this period, a short but spectacular epoch, Japanese society and culture underwent the transition from the medieval era to the early modern era. The name of this period is taken from two castles: Nobunaga's Azuchi Castle (in Azuchi, Shiga) and Hideyoshi's Momoyama Castle (also known as Fushimi Castle, in Kyoto).〔 , a term used in some Japanese-only texts, is abridged from the surnames of the period's two leaders (in the ''on''-reading): for plus for . ==Oda Nobunaga== During the last half of the 16th century, a number of different daimyo became strong enough either to manipulate the Ashikaga shogunate to their own advantage or to overthrow it altogether. One attempt to overthrow the ''bakufu'' (the Japanese term for the shogunate) was made in 1560 by Imagawa Yoshimoto, whose march towards the capital came to an ignominious end at the hands of Oda Nobunaga in the Battle of Okehazama. In 1562, The Tokugawa clan who was adjacent to the east of Nobunaga's territory became independent of the Imagawa clan, and allied with Nobunaga. The eastern part of the territory of Nobunaga was not invaded by this alliance. Nobunaga then moved his army to the west. In 1565, an alliance of the Matsunaga and Miyoshi clans attempted a coup by assassinating Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the 13th Ashikaga shogun. Internal squabbling, however, prevented them from acting swiftly to legitimatize their claim to power, and it was not until 1568 that they managed to install Yoshiteru's cousin, Ashikaga Yoshihide, as the next Shogun. Failure to enter Kyoto and gain recognition from the imperial court, however, had left the succession in doubt, and a group of ''bakufu'' retainers led by Hosokawa Fujitaka negotiated with Nobunaga to gain support for Yoshiteru's younger brother, Yoshiaki. Nobunaga, who had prepared over a period of years for just such an opportunity by establishing an alliance with the Azai clan in northern Ōmi Province and then conquering the neighboring Mino Province, now marched toward Kyoto. After routing the Rokkaku clan in southern Omi, Nobunaga forced the Matsunaga to capitulate and the Miyoshi to withdraw to Settsu. He then entered the capital, where he successfully gained recognition from the emperor for Yoshiaki, who became the 15th and last Ashikaga shogun. Nobunaga had no intention, however, of serving the Muromachi ''bakufu,'' and instead now turned his attention to tightening his grip on the Kinai region. Resistance in the form of rival daimyo, intransigent Buddhist monks, and hostile merchants was eliminated swiftly and mercilessly, and Nobunaga quickly gained a reputation as a ruthless, unrelenting adversary. In support of his political and military moves, he instituted economic reform, removing barriers to commerce by invalidating traditional monopolies held by shrines and guilds and promoting initiative by instituting free markets known as ''rakuichi-rakuza''. The newly installed shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki also was extremely wary of his powerful nominal retainer Nobunaga, and immediately began to plot against him by forming a wide alliance of nearly every daimyo that was adjacent to the Oda realm including Oda's close ally and brother in-law Azai Nagamasa and the supremely powerful Takeda Shingen, and monk warriors from the Tendai Buddhists monastic center at Mount Hiei near Kyoto (who became the first major casualty of this war as it was completely destroyed by Nobunaga). As the Oda army was bogged down by fighting on every corner, Takeda Shingen lead what was by then widely considered the most powerful army in Japan and marched towards the Oda home base of Owari, easily crushing Nobunaga's young ally and future Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu in the Battle of Mikatagahara along the way. However, just as the Takeda army was about to deliver a knock out blow against the Oda - Tokugawa alliance, Takeda Shingen suddenly died of mysterious causes (everything from being shot by a sniper in battle, to ninja assassination, to stomach cancer have been suggested.) Having suddenly lost their leader, the Takeda army quickly retreated back to their home base in Kai Province and Nobunaga was saved from the brink of destruction. With the death of Takeda Shingen in early 1573, the "Anti-Oda Alliance" that Ashikaga Yoshiaki created quickly crumbled as Nobunaga in quick succession destroyed the alliance of Asakura clan and Azai clans that threatened his northern flank, and soon after expelled the Shogun himself from Kyoto. Even after Shingen's death, there remained several daimyo powerful enough to resist Nobunaga, but none were situated close enough to Kyoto to pose a threat politically, and it appeared that unification under the Oda banner was a matter of time. Nobunaga's enemies were not only other Sengoku daimyō but also adherents of a Jōdo Shinshu sect of Buddhism who attended Ikkō-ikki, led by Kennyo. He endured though Nobunaga kept attacking his fortress for ten years. Nobunaga expelled Kennyo in the eleventh year, but, through a riot caused by Kennyo, Nobunaga's territory took the bulk of the damage. This long war was called Ishiyama Hongan-ji War. To suppress Buddhism, Nobunaga lent support to Christianity. A significant amount of Western Christian culture was introduced to Japan by missionaries from Europe. From this exposure, Japan received new foods, a new drawing method, astronomy, geography, medical science, and new printing techniques. Nobunaga decided to reduce the power of the Buddhist priests, and gave protection to Christianity. He slaughtered many Buddhist priests and captured their fortified temples.〔John Whitney Hall, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4: Early Modern Japan'' (1991) (table of contents )〕 The activities of European traders and Catholic missionaries(Alessandro Valignano, Luís Fróis, Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino and many missionaries) in Japan, no less than Japanese ventures overseas, gave the period a cosmopolitan flavor.〔All Illustrated Encyclopedia, ed. ''Japanese History:11 Experts Reflect on the Past'' (1996), Kodansya International.Inc〕 During the period from 1576 to 1579, Nobunaga constructed, on the shore of Lake Biwa at Azuchi, Azuchi Castle, a magnificent seven-story castle that was intended to serve not simply as an impregnable military fortification, but also as a sumptuous residence that would stand as a symbol of unification. Having secured his grip on the Kinai region, Nobunaga was now powerful enough to assign his generals the task of subjugating the outlying provinces. Shibata Katsuie was given the task of conquering the Uesugi clan in Etchū, Takigawa Kazumasu confronted the Shinano Province that a son of Shingen Takeda Katsuyori governs, and Hashiba Hideyoshi was given the formidable task of facing the Mōri clan in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū. In 1575, Nobunaga won a significant victory over the Takeda clan in the Battle of Nagashino. Despite the strong reputation of Takeda's samurai cavalry, Oda Nobunaga embraced the relatively new technology of the Arquebus, and inflicted a crushing defeat. The legacy of this battle forced a complete overhaul of traditional Japanese warfare. In 1582, after a protracted campaign, Hideyoshi requested Nobunaga's help in overcoming tenacious resistance. Nobunaga, making a stop-over in Kyoto on his way west with only a small contingent of guards, was attacked by one of his own disaffected generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, and committed suicide. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Azuchi–Momoyama period」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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